Thus, evidence is found for the importance of ion pair formation in the solution as well as in the membrane phase. Both effects lead to a more or less pronounced degradation of the membrane performance.
Further insights into the stationary and dynamic behavior of ion exchange membranes is obtained from a detailed, physically meaningful and dynamic bipolar membrane model. It is characterized by the consideration of four ionic species as well as solvent and electric potential, the existence of a space charge region at the cation/anion exchange layer interface, the description of non-idealities by means of solution and membrane phase activity coefficients and the solvent dissociation according to the chemical reaction model. Thus, a model is developed which is able to reproduce all observed experimental trends for both aqueous and non aqueous solutions.
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